When the War of 1812 arrived on the Chesapeake Bay, it created opportunities for enslaved people to flee with the British to freedom. The invaders liberated some 4,000 people and “used several hundred in their army in a special unit known as the Colonial Marines,” according to the National Park Service.
As the British offensive moved into the northern Chesapeake in April 1813, about nineteen percent of the people in Cecil County were enslaved. Of these 2,467 individuals at least one, Hetty Boulden, held as property by Frisby Henderson of Frenchtown, helped the local militia turn the British back during the attack on the Elk River. Boulden faced great personal risk in undertaking this action.
In some incidental old newspaper sketches that faded from memory long ago, her story had been mentioned. But as time moved on historians largely forgot it in the written volumes about the past in this area.
Thus as the Historic Elk Landing Foundation started seeking to develop its interpretations of the site, the nonprofit foundation commissioned a study to assess and further research the narrative to see what could be determined from those few elusive traces. So I undertook a study of the questions centered around Hetty Boulden and her life.
Part of the strategy of the Historic Elk Landing Foundation (HELF) was to develop historically accurate character interpretations of individuals directly associated with the British incursion on the Upper Elk River in April 1813. HELF was particularly concerned with presenting some underrepresented accounts involving people passed over by the customary local historiography.
There was an assortment of individuals who could have been integrated into this cohort of additional, including women, African Americans, enslaved people, indentured servants, immigrants, and society outcasts, if carefully sourced clues could be developed to trace the narratives back through time. But using an evidence-based standard Boulden presented the strongest narrative, based on available traces.
The stone house at Elk Landing was built around 1800 (source: Mike Dixon)
Thus, this report, prepared at the request of HELF investigated the life story of this Cecil County citizen, using customary research methods and evidentiary guidelines to develop proof points and flush out determinations supported by the historical record. The investigation confirmed that an African American female by the name of hetty or Hettie Boulden lived in Cecil County for most of the 19th century. Also, there is evidence to support the narratives that she was present when the British came up the River and that she was involved in misdirecting and helping to resist the enemy’s advance on Elkton.
The full report provides the details and assesses the validity and reliability of the evidentiary traces that were discovered during this investigation.
Local government records are essential for studying the past. These primary sources document governance, along with the history of communities, institutions, and people.
With state and federal agencies the process of accessing the items usually works efficiently. But when municipalities retain files, there are often challenges in locating the aging volumes as they rarely have dedicated archivists to keep up with the flow of old documents. Plus, the local custodians have limited resources to preserve, organize, and store files of permanent value.
Municipalities have a patchwork of approaches. Sometimes the old records have been transferred to a state archives, but frequently the town clerk has retained guardianship. Over the years, I have climbed through attics of town halls, searched through dark, damp basements, and combed through boxes stashed in out-of-the-way closets or old vaults searching for primary sources. This disarray is compounded as valuable materials are often lost to the fog of the past as decades slip by.
City Clerks do the best they can as custodians of public records, struggling with limited time and resources as they juggle multiple responsibilities. I have been helped by many of these keepers of public records. Plus, sometimes I find that the local bodies have digitized its archives, making them available online. This makes my work much more manageable, increases efficiencies for agency staff, and reduces custodial and preservation problems as paper ages and becomes fragile.
While working with municipal records across the mid-Atlantic, I recently discovered that the City of Havre Grace had established an online repository for its public records, the city minutes starting in 1800 while the ordinance books begins in 1879. The user-friendly web portal permits a curious type to easily access the records and view digital copies of the original, primary sources.
Thank you, City of Havre de Grace for ensuring that the public records of the City are retained, organized, preserved, and made available. Anyone studying the past in this old Maryland City will find this to be a helpful resource.
A SERIES— By examining county judicial officers from the colonial era to the early 20th century this series explores how Delmarva’s legal system developed and functioned. Justices of the Peace, magistrates, constables, and coroners provided the foundation, and this installment begins by studying the coroner, the judicial officer responsible for investigating deaths.
For over three hundred years, coroners took charge of investigating unnatural or mysterious deaths in Maryland and Delaware. When someone raised the alarm after discovering a corpse, this county official hurried to the locality to examine the death scene, gather evidence, and figure out how the loss occurred. Colonists brought this grim job over from England, it being a part of ancient British jurisprudence. While the duties waned as the centuries slipped by, the coroner primarily conducted a legal and medical inquiry to determine whether the loss of life came from foul play, suicide, accident, or natural cause.1
Coroners investigated unnatural or suspicious deaths for centuries. This headline about a brutal murder is from a Camden County, NJ paper.
Adhering to the same general practices handed down over the ages, he went to where the body was discovered to take charge of the remains. There, he checked the corpse for signs of foul play, inspected the place where it was found, interviewed witnesses, followed up on leads, and sometimes sought expert testimony. Once he completed the initial work-up of the case, he impaneled a jury to view the body.
The Coroner’s Inquest
The inquest, a ghastly process, got underway after the jurors took a solemn oath, affirming on the Bible that they would diligently inquire into the time, cause, manner, and circumstances of the death. Pulled from their fields or shops, the hastily assembled jurors studied the corpse at the death scene, eyeballing it for wounds, bruises, or other marks of violence. The legal requirement to “sit on the body” required a good look at the deceased, not just a quick peek, while examining it for cuts, gashes, or discoloration. After completing the unpleasant viewing, sometimes at some of the most gruesome accidents or murders, they heard witnesses and examined other evidence.
After deliberating, the jurors rendered a verdict, ruling on whether someone was pushed, poisoned, shot, stabbed, harmed in some other way, or died of natural causes. The inquest also sought to name the killer if the jury decided that the decedent was slain. If the panel identified a suspect, the coroner drew up a warrant and handed the case over to lawmen to arrest the suspect.
The investigations, if appropriately done, required the know-how of a skilled homicide detective, combined with the knowledge of a physician, the judgment of a prosecuting attorney, and the wisdom of a judge. Otherwise, if the inquiry was too loose or unskillfully conducted great injustice was done. In the ordinary run of cases, the cause was apparent, and the coroner rarely blundered. Nevertheless, confounding cases put his fitness for the position to the test when there was a suspicion of death, but evidence of a crime was perplexing. Far too often, murders went undetected because the coroner botched the case, missing clues, failing to follow up on leads, or doing some other slipshod work.
The Death Scene Investigator’s Appointment
It was not the most alluring appointment, nor did it lead to advancement in politics or riches. While acceptable for the part-time nature of the post, the fee-based pay system did not make anyone wealthy. Furthermore, the office rarely served as a stepping stone for higher political aspirations, though it was often a small plum handed out to loyal supporters of the party in power.
Practically anyone could be chosen if they had connections. However, their duties were occasional and unpredictable, so they had other primary occupations such as farming, merchandising, carpentry, or undertaking. As the appointee did not need to know anything about medicine – or law for that matter — he could seek help in determining the cause of death from a physician when the cause was not apparent.
Crime Scene Investigation Advances
For centuries the coroner and his jury served an essential role in the criminal justice system. Part detective, part judge, he gathered evidence and presented it to a jury, which decided if a crime was committed and named the responsible person, if possible, in a simpler, less informed time.
However, in the twentieth century, enormous advances in medicine, forensics, police procedures, and crime scene investigations provided death investigation capabilities far beyond what untrained officeholders and their juries could provide. The advances in medicolegal practices required highly skilled practitioners – pathologists for postmortems and the police and prosecuting attorneys to investigate crimes and handle legal matters. This was beyond the reach of this part of ancient English jurisprudence, which had once served a purpose but had become obsolete.
Instead of helping to detect a homicide and trace the criminal, this long, outdated system started hindering work that skilled specialists could do far more efficiently. The returns from the untrained coroners and their hastily assembled juries were unreliable and often imperfect, demonstrating little understanding of the legal system or the complexities of forensics.
The Coroner Fades Away
Eventually, this ancient English institution and its inquest faded from the criminal justice system as reliance on police detectives and forensic expertise increased. The governor appointed Maryland’s coroners until 1939 when lawmakers abolished the archaic system, replacing it with qualified medical examiners.2,3,4 But Cecil County wasn’t ready to break away from the old English office. So, Senator C. Clyde Squire exempted the county, this old English office, which had been around since the colonial days, lingering a little longer in this corner of Maryland.5
Isaac S. Bullock, the Republican candidate for coroner of New Castle County in 1918. Source: Evening Journal, Sept. 13, 1918)
Delaware’s governor appointed coroners at first, selecting from among two candidates nominated by popular vote in each county. But the Constitution of 1831 made it an elective post, the voters deciding. The office was abolished in 1969. That year, the Board of Post-Mortem Examiners started determining the cause of death.6,7
It had not been the most important office, but it was a job that had to be done until advances in medicine, science, and police work made it obsolete.
John Bouvier, in A Law Dictionary: Adapted to the Constitution and Laws of the United States of America, and of the Several States of the American Union ; with References to the Civil and Other Systems of Foreign Law, 5th ed. (Philadelphia, PA: Deacon & Peterson, 1854), pp. 317-318[↩]
John G. Lee, Hand-Book for Coroners: Containing a Digest of All the Laws in the Thirty-Eight States of the Union, Together with a Historical resumé, from the Earliest Period to the Present Time: A Guide to the Physician in Post-Mortem Examinations, and Valuable Miscellaneous Matter Never before Collated (Philadelphia, PA: W. Brotherhead, 1881), 248-249.[↩]
Cyrus Harreld Karraker, “Qualifications and Appointments,” in The Seventeenth-Century Sheriff: A Comparative Study of the Sheriff in England and the Chesapeake Colonies, 1607-1689 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2019), pp. 86-87.[↩]
William R. Howell, “The Coroner,” in The Government of Kent County, Maryland: Historical and Descriptive (Chestertown, MD: Published through the cooperation of Washington College, 1931), pp. 90-92.[↩]
Kenney, N. T. “Coroner Bill Nearly Killed by Amendment: Four Baltimore Senators Fail in Bid to Exempt City from new Setup Like Concession to Cecil County.” The Sun (1837-), Mar 29, 1939. [↩]
“Coroner,” Delaware Public Archives – State of Delaware, December 19, 2018, https://archives.delaware.gov/delaware-agency-histories/coroner/.[↩]
Chester C. Maxey, “Problems in Structure and Organization,” in County Administration in Delaware (New York, NY: Macmillan, 1919), pp. 26-28.[↩]
The Delaware Public Archives (DPA) has released the following announcement about the digitization of the Abram H. Draper Collection, a holding that contains Civil War letters, poetry, and correspondence.
DPA writes: “The Abram H. Draper Collection consists of 34 unique pieces of correspondence, including letters and poetry from Sergeant Abram H. Draper to his wife Anna M. Wiley Draper during the American Civil War. The content of this collection offers a detailed description of Draper’s time while on guard and picket duty, everyday details of the life of a Union soldier in the United States Army from 1861 – 1863. The collection also includes correspondence to and from members of Draper’s extended family, as well as letters and documents to Anna notifying her of his death on January 22, 1863, from typhoid fever at Camp Gilpins, Virginia.”
Draper was born in New York City, but made his way to Delaware where he enlisted in the 1st Delaware Regiment, a 90-day unit of volunteers. Later he enlisted in Company A, 4th Delaware Infantry Regiment as a sergeant. The majority of his time was on guard duty in Virginia, according to the DPA.
