Tag: spanish flu

Wilmington Police Helped Stamp out Pandemic in 1918

The Wilmington Police Department grappled with the unprecedented challenge of maintaining service after the Spanish influenza slipped into Delaware in the autumn of 1918.  In normal times, the 127-person force patrolled streets, preserved peace, operated the lockup, investigated crimes, collected dog taxes, and maintained the fire and police telegraph.  However, early that autumn, as the contagion spread and the death toll mounted, common crime plummeted, the virus driving people off the streets as the Board of Health closed public places.  This included taverns and saloons, typical hotspots for troublemakers.   

Bookings at the city lockup tumbled by late September as wayward types, along with everyone else, stayed away from crowds.  Nevertheless, although work instigated by pickpockets, muggers, run-of-the-mill thieves, and similar lawbreakers declined, the force maintained a vigilant watch as conservators of the peace.  Adding to this, patrolmen had to help stamp out the spread of the contagion and provide relief to the stricken. 

Wilmington Police Officer arond 1918
A Wilmington Police Officer is at his post, sometime around 1910 to 1919.
(Source: Wilmington Bureau of Police Facebook Page — https://bit.ly/3mffNdw

With sickness falling “like a black pall,” striking thousands in the City, as the death rate increased by leaps and bounds, the Board of Health ordered the closing of public places.   That October 2 edict also shuttered 167 saloons.   But it allowed the wholesale liquor stores to say open as they were not congregating places.  That changed on October 11, when Chief George Black requested the shuttering of these outlets.  Drunkenness was excessive, which with the police force handicapped by sickness, was a difficult matter for the force to handle, the chief explained. 1   

As officers patrolled the streets, making arrests for disobeying anti-spitting measures and other public health orders, the virus spread in the ranks.  Dozens became ill, their numbers having already been thinned by about 30 men because of the war.     At the same time, headquarters continued getting calls from people who could not secure undertakers to remove dead bodies from their houses. 2

At the peak of the pandemic, the police patrol wagon carried influenza victims to the emergency hospitals around Wilmington. Always on the go, the wagon transported 822 patients in September.  During the first three weeks in October, when the raging disease was at its worst, the two crews of the “machine” worked, day and night.  At times the demands on the patrol crews taxed them to the utmost, and Patrolman Robinson, one of the officers, worked day after day with a high temperature.  When he arrived home one night after a long shift, he collapsed in his yard and was carried to his room, ill with the disease.  Although he recovered, he passed the virus along to his family. 

Wilmington Police on the Front Line

One member of the force, Patrolman John Jack Riley, died from the ailment.  On his last watch (September 25), Officer Riley escorted World War I draftees to the railroad station, but when he returned home he found that his wife was stricken.  While caring for her, the policeman fell ill, passing away on October 3, at his home at 9 South Jackson Street.  The police band planned to honor the lawman by playing funeral music during the procession to the cemetery, but the Board of Public Health orders prevented that arrangement.  Nevertheless, thirty members of the force went to the Riverview Cemetery.3   

In assisting the Board of Health, Police Surgeon George W. K. Forrest and City Physician Allan W. Perkins attended to victims whose relatives or friends called the police for help.  One night the police kept the city physician on the move until daylight attending victims.  Police Surgeon Forrest reported that he had treated 32 patrolmen and six prisoners stricken with influenza. 

Wilmington Police arrests
Wilmington Police Department arrests, 1917 – 1919; (Source: Annual Report of the Wilmington Department of Police; Delaware Public Archives)4

To add to the troubles of the lawmen, at least fifteen men detained behind bars in the lockup became ill.  These victims were carried out by the patrol wagon crew and hurried to one of the emergency hospitals. 

While the rank and file were doing this work, Chief of Police Black’s office was besieged with telegrams and phone calls from relatives of those stricken from other cities asking for information about them.  In many cases, those who died here had wives or mothers in other cities, and it rested on the police department to get word to those who had been bereaved to break the news to them.

Saloons Thrown Open

Toward the end of October, the situation eased so the Delaware Board of Health lifted the ban on public assembly at 1 a.m. Sunday, October 27.  The reopening of taverns had to wait until Monday – this marked twenty-six days that the board kept saloons shuttered.  However, a great deal of thirst had accumulated, as from early morning until late at night that Monday, John Barleycorn held sway in the City for the first time in nearly a month. 

Once saloonkeepers threw open the doors, people crowded around the bars.  This rush was apparent anywhere one looked downtown, the spectacle of intoxicated men on streets being a common one.  Officers booked over 100 lawbreakers in the lockup before midnight.  The authorities likened the situation to the days when the powder plants at Carney Point were in the making, and the patrol wagons were loaded up with intoxicated men at the boat wharves. 

While these scenes unfolded, the police patrol wagon, which had remained idle for a couple of weeks took  on a new lease on life.  For a while it was thought that the “little patrol [wagon],” which had been undergoing repairs during the slump in business, would have to be placed in operation.  But Patrolman Harry Foreman, the mechanic, not anticipating any rush in business, did not have it ready to roll. 5

After Wilmington’s barrooms opened, another problem developed.  In Chester, Philadelphia, and other nearby places, the quarantine was still in place, so thirty people flocked to Wilmington.  This influx of visitors seeking liquor was a menace to public health and morals, to say nothing of a nuisance as there were more intoxicated men on the streets than others.  Consequently, Chief Black issued an order closing Wilmington’s saloon at 7 o’clock every night until these nearby places lifted the quarantines 6

Wilmington Got the Halloween Flu

Wilmington Police Chief George M. Black 7

That end of October holiday — the time for ghosts and goblins — came around about this time, as police struggled with the liquor trade.  Then ”Halloween Flu” hit Wilmington, the News Journal remarked., as Chief Black banned parties and public revelry.  Nobody was to blame for it, the paper explained.  It was simply too risky.

Despite the order, bands of young people in costume appeared on Market Street but quickly found that the police were not joking when they ordered all false faces to come off and advised the clowns and other “fantastics” to go home.  Confetti and ticklers were suppressed as soon as they put in an appearance too and the police also put the quiet on any undue noise and carnival frolicking.  It left many young people wishing the happy days were back when Wilmington used to have big Halloween parades with bands and decorated fire apparatus and all the fixing. 

Finally, with the emergency waning in late October and sick officers returning to duty, the City’s law enforcement agency started return to its regular routine. 

In the autumn of 1918, the officers who were able to remain on duty did excellent work as guardians of peace and public health.  When these men entered the ranks, they knew they would face risks in the rough and tumble parts of Wilmington, but they never expected to have to struggle with helping to stamp out a deadly virus during a global pandemic. 

For More on the Spanish Influenza in Delaware

Delmarva Spanish Influenza Archive

Endnotes
  1. “Bone Dry Town for the Present,” Evening Journal October 12, 1918[↩]
  2. “Epidemic Near End After 361 Deaths in City,” Evening Journal, Oct. 12, 1918[↩]
  3. “Officer Dies After Nursing Sick Wife,” Evening Journal, Oct. 4, 1918[↩]
  4. Wilmington Deparment of Police, Report of the Chief of Police of Wilmington, DE 1918[↩]
  5. Disciples of Bacchus Hold Day of Revelry,” Morning News, October 29, 1918[↩]
  6. “Saloons Closed by Police Order at Seven o’clock,” Morning News, November 1, 1918[↩]
  7. George George Black, Report of the Chief of Police of Wilmington, Del, for the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1919, 1919[↩]

Telephone Operators Were Essential Workers in 1918

When the Spanish Influenza struck in 1918, Delmarva’s essential workers paid a heavy toll serving on the front line of the struggle during the weeks the illness ripped across the Peninsula.  That autumn the nation already grappled with the burden of World War I, when the first contagious cases broke out here.

As the virus spread rapidly from Wilmington and nearby military camps to Cape Charles, VA, and every point in between on Delmarva, phone company workers stood out as a group of essential workers struggling to maintain vital services.  The war’s communications requirements had already taxed the system, considerably increasing demand on the wires.  Then, the pandemic added further to this heavy load. 

Operators hit by the flu

At that time, the network depended on operators working in tight quarters at exchanges to make connections for callers.  These “hello girls” sat in rows at switchboards, almost elbow to elbow with other workers.  Thus when the contagion started rampaging, the illness struck the central stations, depleting the ranks of operators at the same time sickness increased calls. 

A young twenty-year-old, night operator at the Newark Telephone Exchange, Lee Roach, died on September 29.  The Delaware College sophomore from Georgetown passed away at the college infirmary on that Sunday. The next day, the Student Army Training Corps escorted the body to the town limits, as the Newark undertaker transported the remains to Middletown to wait on the train for Georgetown. 1

By October 3, the Diamond State Phone Company seemed to have fallen victim to the flu as the company issued a plea.  With at least twenty-five percent of its regular operating force on the sick list, the shortage crippled service. This resulted in a handful of women remaining at their posts, though much fatigued from the overwork of keeping the busy Wilmington exchange “plugged” night and day.  To alleviate the problem, the company recruited “Inexperienced girls” to step in, and these hastily placed ladies did their best they could.  But, many subscribers “grouched” at them as they struggled to learn the process and connect callers.2

The Diamond State Telephone Company Switchboard in Georgetown in the 1940s (Source: Delaware Public Archives)

With the growing pandemic came more and more calls to the switchboards as additional families fell victim to the killer virus.  Plus, people became more or less afraid to mingle in public places, so they left their homes as infrequently as possible, but this too increased social and business transactions over the wires.  In Maryland, the phone company took out an advertisement pleading for people to refrain from making unnecessary calls while also begging for experienced operators to volunteer during this time of trouble.   

The Wilmington office also requested that only essential calls be made by phone.  The war activities in the city had already strained the service, but calls to doctors, hospitals, the ambulance, drugstores, and undertakers created a more considerable strain.  Many essential calls were being delayed as the operators connected conversations of no importance, the company reported. 3

overloading the exchange

telephone operators
To All Telephone User (Source, Baltimore Sun, Oct. 28, 1918)

As October slipped by, more reports arrived, indicating that the flu was crippling local exchanges in smaller towns around the Peninsula as many operators were quite sick.  Some of the local managers at these places also suggested that people only make necessary calls after 10 p.m. when a skeleton crew was on duty overnight.  The remaining operators worked heroically according to reports, but the task in city and country was burdensome, and at night, “these little girls throats are entirely exhausted.  The public should be willing to relieve them as much as possible,” a paper reported.

In Elkton, nearly all the operators at the telephone exchange were seriously ill, so the phone company brought in operators from Salisbury 4. A similar situation existed in North East, the virus sweeping the office there, causing the exchange to shut down for a couple of days. In Chincoteague, the virus hit all the local operators hard so the phone company brought in Miss G. M. Fisher of Temperanceville and Miss S. V. Davis of Salisbury to run the office. 5

The malady also curtailed work on the lines as crews were depleted.   A 27-year-old lineman, Frank N. Myer, installing long-distance wires through the Cecil County, died at Union Hospital during the first week of October.  His remains were sent home to Chicago. 6

Things are different today, as we are connected in so many ways.  But 102 years ago, the essential employees of the phone company performed heroic work, providing crucial communications with minimal disruption while doing risky work.   

When in Quarantine.

For more on the pandemic of 1918, see the Spanish Flu Archive

Endnotes
  1. “Obituary.” Newark Post, October 2, 1918. https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn88053005/1918-10-02/ed-1/seq-1/#date1=1789&index=0&date2=1960&searchType=advanced&language=&sequence=0&lccn=sn88053005&words=Lee Roach&proxdistance=5&state=Delaware&rows=20&ortext=&proxtext=lee roach&phrasetext=&andtext=&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1.[↩]
  2. “City Death Rate From Flu Grows; Epidemic Grip Continues.” Evening Journal. (Wilmington). October 10, 1918. https://www.newspapers.com/image/159913367/?terms=don’t+overburden+central.[↩]
  3. “Telephone Service Hampered Badly.” Morning News. (Wilmington). October 10, 1918. https://www.newspapers.com/image/159722342/?terms=telephone+service+hampered+badly+sickness+operators.[↩]
  4. Minor Locals, Cecil Democrat, October 26, 1918[↩]
  5. “Chincoteague,” Peninsula Enterprise, Accomac, Oct. 26, 1918[↩]
  6. “Deaths,” Cecil Democrat, (Elkton), October 5, 1918[↩]