In recent months, I have worked with national, state, and local stakeholders to meticulously research and write nomination reports for sites to be included in the National Park Service (NPS) National Network to Freedom. This network highlights the courageous acts of resistance against enslavement through escape and flight on the Underground Railroad.
Union Bethel AME Church in the summer of 2023
These comprehensive applications undergo a rigorous review by a panel to ensure they meet evidentiary standards before being added to the national registry. I am thrilled to share that the Park Service announced on April 22 that Union Bethel A.M.E. Church was added to the network. The application was submitted for the January round of the semi-annual process.
This significant recognition underscores the church’s pivotal role in the fight for freedom and equality. During the antebellum era, the church stood as a beacon of hope and refuge for countless individuals seeking liberty and justice. This achievement celebrates the church’s enduring legacy as a symbol of resilience, courage, and determination.
The Eastern Shore Church’s inclusion among the 19 sites spanning ten states granted this prestigious designation, which is a powerful testament to its significance in American history and the Underground Railroad.
This nomination received support through a partnership between the Maryland Office of Tourism and Cecil County Tourism in cooperation with the church.
In the summer of 1916, the well-known “Charlestown Booze Boat” made waves in Penns Grove, New Jersey, becoming the talk of the dry town. Anchored just off the New Jersey shore in the Delaware River, this floating speakeasy from Maryland quickly became a popular destination for those seeking to tipple the forbidden indulgence. Dinghies and small boats ferried eager patrons from Penns Grove, providing them with access to beer and whiskey.
This photo illustrates a typical tavern from the second half of the 19th century: the Erving House Barroom in Erving, Mass, in 1865.1
The lucrative market for a booze boat opened in 1915 when temperance crusaders in Salem County spearheaded a fight to keep the borough dry.2 Local churches rallied alongside organizations such as the Salem County Woman’s Christian Temperance Union and the Penns Grove Camp Meeting Association. Even the Mother’s Club of Carney Point, the home to Du Pont Powdermakers, opposed the opening of barrooms. They feared the degradation of their “pretty little model village,” a newspaper reported.3,4 Speculation also circulated regarding the involvement of the Du Pont Company in this anti-alcohol campaign, as too many workers showed up drunk.
Penns Grove, a Dry Town
After the borough went dry, the “floating beer ark” from Cecil County, MD, anchored in the river, dispensing drinks to the thirsty “who were sober enough to walk the gangplanks,” the Penns Grove Record remarked. The craft’s captain claimed he operated beyond New Jersey jurisdiction as he did business on the river beyond the low water mark with cables and anchors cast loose every time they sold a drink.5
The captain’s assertion was based on land claims going back to 1682 when The Duke of York leased land—that would eventually become Delaware– to William Penn. Years of simmering, argumentative negotiations involving complex legal concepts followed as Delaware claimed the boundary line went right up to the shoreline on the New Jersey side. However, a compact hammered out in 1905 helped calm the litigation as the states affirmed the boundary at the low tide on the Jersey shore while also granting the Garden State riparian rights on the river.6,7,8
Nevertheless, this operation did not evade the watchful eyes of Penns Grove dry advocates—a vigilant group determined to keep the town legally and literally dry by stamping out speakeasies. Pushed by this growing public outcry, Deputy Sheriff J. O. Banks, along with Constables William S. Ray and Arthur Racher, responded to the disgruntled citizens’ chorus.
Undercover as thirsty customers, the officers boarded the vessel, successfully purchasing beer and witnessing whiskey transactions. Armed with this incriminating evidence, they arrested the two-man crew, charging them with the unlawful trade of alcohol. The authorities were determined to put an end to this profitable venture.
Jurisdiction Debate
As the case unfolded in the Salem County Court, the crew admitted to selling spirits but argued that transactions occurred while the anchor was hoisted, suggesting they were outside local jurisdiction in the Delaware River. However, their plea was promptly dismissed. The prosecutor reminded the court that New Jersey law mandated licensing for liquor sales, and the state’s authority extended to the river’s midpoint. To support his argument, he pointed to the accord between state officials, granting them the power to pursue and detain culprits until they reached the shores of Delaware.
The Verdict: The jury delivered a guilty verdict following a thorough trial. Judge Edward C. Waddington imposed a fine of $1,000 and costs on each of the two Maryland men. Their attorney, however, served notice of an appeal, challenging the court’s jurisdiction over selling booze in the Delaware River. Additionally, they argued that Baltimore customs authorities licensed the boat, and no sales occurred while the boat was at anchor. The outcome of their appeal remains a mystery, as nothing more was heard of the case in the Salem County newspapers.
The “Charlestown Booze Boat” case reignited age-old boundary disputes between Delaware and New Jersey, underscoring the complexities of territorial jurisdiction amidst the nation’s growing prohibition movement.
Endnotes
“Erving House Barroom.” Photograph. [ca. 1865]. Digital Commonwealth, from the Erving Public Library Archives (accessed April 03, 2024).[↩]
“To Keep Pennsgrove Dry,” Penns Grove Record, Nov 20. 1915, 1.[↩]
